# 12 Plotting

question Questions
• How to plot some data analysis results in Python?
objectives Objectives
• Use matplotlib as a library for plotting figures
• Make line figures, scatter plots and histograms with matplotlib
• Change colors, plot and axis titles, make a legend and make error margins

time Time estimation: 20 minutes

# 12. Plotting figures

This chapter is based on the materials from this book and this website

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures. Although Matplotlib is written primarily in pure Python, it makes heavy use of NumPy and other extension code to provide good performance even for large arrays.

We will start with the basics concepts being figures, subplots (axes) and axis. The following line of code allows the figures to be plotted in the notebook results

%matplotlib inline


matplotlib.pyplot is a collection of command style functions that make matplotlib work like MATLAB. Each pyplot function makes some change to a figure: e.g., creates a figure, creates a plotting area in a figure, plots some lines in a plotting area, decorates the plot with labels, etc. In matplotlib.pyplot various states are preserved across function calls, so that it keeps track of things like the current figure and plotting area, and the plotting functions are directed to the current subplot.

What we first have to do is importing the library of course.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 2.5])
plt.ylabel('some numbers')


plot() is a versatile command, and will take an arbitrary number of arguments. For example, to plot x versus y, you can issue the command:

x_list = list(range(1,10))
y_list = [pow(i, 2) for i in x_list]
print(x_list)
print(y_list)

plt.plot(x_list, y_list)
plt.title("Title of the plot")


Using the pyplot interphase, you build a graph by calling a sequence of functions and all of them are applied to the current subplot, like so:

plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30], color='lightblue', linewidth=3)
plt.scatter([0.3, 3.8, 1.2, 2.5], [11, 25, 9, 26], color='darkgreen', marker='^')
plt.xlim(0.5, 4.5)
plt.title("Title of the plot")
plt.xlabel("This is the x-label")
plt.ylabel("This is the y-label")
# Uncomment the line below to save the figure in your currentdirectory
# plt.savefig('examplefigure.png')


When working with just one subplot in the figure, generally is OK to work with the pyplot interphase, however, when doing more complicated plots, or working within larger scripts, you will want to explicitly pass around the Subplot (Axes) and/or Figure object to operate upon.

def gc_content(file):
"""Calculate GC content of a fasta file (with one sequence)"""
sequence=""
with open(file, 'r') as f:
for line in f:
if line.startswith('>'):
seq_id = line.rstrip()[1:]
else:
sequence += line.rstrip()

A_count = sequence.count('A')
C_count = sequence.count('C')
G_count = sequence.count('G')
T_count = sequence.count('T')
N_count = sequence.count('N')
GC_content = (sequence.count('G') + sequence.count('C')) / len(sequence) * 100
AT_content = (sequence.count('A') + sequence.count('T')) / len(sequence) * 100
print("The GC content of {} is\t {:.2f}%".format(seq_id, GC_content))
return GC_content, AT_content, A_count, C_count, G_count, T_count, N_count

GC_content, AT_content, A_count, C_count, G_count, T_count, N_count = gc_content('../data/gene.fa')
print(GC_content)
print(AT_content)
print(A_count)
print(C_count)
print(T_count)
print(G_count)


total_count = A_count + C_count + G_count + T_count
A_perc = A_count/total_count*100
C_perc = C_count/total_count*100
G_perc = G_count/total_count*100
T_perc = T_count/total_count*100
height = [A_perc, C_perc, G_perc, T_perc]
bars = ('A','C','G','T')
plt.bar(bars, height)

plt.xlabel('Nucleotide')
plt.ylabel('Percentage of occurence (%)')
plt.title('Distribution of nucleotides in fasta sequence')

plt.show()

total_count = A_count + C_count + G_count + T_count
A_perc = A_count/total_count*100
C_perc = C_count/total_count*100
G_perc = G_count/total_count*100
T_perc = T_count/total_count*100
height = [A_perc, C_perc, G_perc, T_perc]
bars = ('A','C','G','T')
#plt.bar(bars, height, color=('green','red','yellow','blue'))
plt.bar(bars, height, color=('#1f77b4','#ff7f0e','#2ca02c','#d62728'))

plt.xlabel('Nucleotide')
plt.ylabel('Percentage of occurence (%)')
plt.title('Distribution of nucleotides in fasta sequence')

plt.show()

# libraries
#import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# width of the bars
barWidth = 0.3

# Choose the height of the blue bars
experimentA = [10, 9, 2]

# Choose the height of the cyan bars
experimentB = [10.8, 9.5, 4.5]

# Choose the height of the error bars (bars1)
yer1 = [0.5, 0.4, 0.5]

# Choose the height of the error bars (bars2)
yer2 = [1, 0.7, 1]

# The x position of bars
r1 = list(range(len(experimentA)))
r2 = [x + barWidth for x in r1]

# Create blue bars
plt.bar(r1, experimentA, width = 0.3, color = 'blue', edgecolor = 'black', yerr=yer1, capsize=5, label='Experiment A') # Capsize is the width of errorbars

# Create cyan bars
plt.bar(r2, experimentB, width = 0.3, color = 'cyan', edgecolor = 'black', yerr=yer2, capsize=7, label='Experiment B')

# general layout
plt.xticks([x + barWidth/2 for x in r1], ['cond_A', 'cond_B', 'cond_C'])
plt.ylabel('effect')
plt.legend()

# Show graphic
plt.show()



### keypoints Key points

• We've exploited matplotlib as Pythons primary library for plotting high-quality figures
• This library produces figures in a similar manner to Matlabs plotting library

# Useful literature

Further information, including links to documentation and original publications, regarding the tools, analysis techniques and the interpretation of results described in this tutorial can be found here.